Drinking water quality of various sources in Peshawar, Mardan, Kohat and Swat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan / Qualidade de água potável de váris fontes dos distritos de Peshawar, Mardan, Kohat e Swat da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Abstract The present study involves the chemical and bacteriological analysis of water from different sources i.e., bore, wells, bottle, and tap, from Peshawar, Mardan, Swat and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, Pakistan. From each district, 50 water samples (10 samples from each source), regardless of urban and rural status, were collected from these sources and analysed for sulphates, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, total soluble solids and coliforms (E. coli). Results indicated that majority of the water sources had unacceptable E. coli count i.e.> 34 CFU/100mL. E. coli positive samples were high in Mardan District, followed by Kohat, Swat and Peshawar district. Besides this, the some water sources were also chemically contaminated by different inorganic fertilizers (nitrates/nitrites of sodium, potassium) but under safe levels whereas agricultural and industrial wastes (chloride and sulphate compounds) were in unsafe range. Among all districts, the water quality was found comparatively more deteriorated in Kohat and Mardan districts than Peshawar and Swat districts. Such chemically and bacteriologically unfit water sources for drinking and can cause human health problems.

Resumo O presente estudo envolve a análise química e bacteriológica de água de diferentes fontes, ou seja, furo, poços, garrafa e torneira, dos distritos de Peshawar, Mardan, Swat e Kohat da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Paquistão. De cada distrito, 50 amostras de água (10 amostras de cada fonte), independentemente do status urbano e rural, foram coletadas dessas fontes e analisadas para sulfatos, nitratos, nitritos, cloretos, sólidos solúveis totais e coliformes (E. coli). Os resultados indicaram que a maioria das fontes de água tinha uma contagem inaceitável de E. coli, ou seja, > 34 UFC / 100 mL. As amostras positivas para E. coli foram elevadas no distrito de Mardan, seguido por Kohat, Swat e distrito de Peshawar. Além disso, algumas fontes de água também foram contaminadas quimicamente por diferentes fertilizantes inorgânicos (nitratos/nitritos de sódio, potássio), mas em níveis seguros, enquanto os resíduos agrícolas e industriais (compostos de cloreto e sulfato) estavam em níveis inseguros. Entre todos os distritos, a qualidade da água foi considerada comparativamente mais deteriorada nos distritos de Kohat e Mardan do que nos distritos de Peshawar e Swat. Essas fontes de água química e bacteriologicamente impróprias para beber podem causar problemas à saúde humana.

Fluoride in Bottled Waters Consumed in Northeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the fluoride concentration of bottled waters from municipalities in northeastern Brazil. Material and Methods: Bottled mineral waters were purchased in two periods at different commercial places of four large municipalities (João Pessoa, Campina Grande, Patos, and Cajazeiras) in the Paraíba state. The municipalities selected to present the following annual average temperature: João Pessoa 26.5 °C, Campina Grande 23.3 °C, Patos and Cajazeiras 27.5 °C. Fluoride concentration was determined using a combined ion-specific electrode. Readings (in mV) were conducted in triplicates for each standard solution and converted into fluoride concentration (mg F/L) using the Excel® software. Results: A total of 72 samples from six brands of bottled water were analyzed. The fluoride concentrations of all samples were low (0.11-0.21mg/L) but higher than those reported on the label and varied among different batches of the same brand. Conclusion: The fluoride levels in bottled water vary among brands, and these actual values are not stated in the labels.

Water consumption in 0-6-month-old healthy infants and effective factors: A systematic review / Consumo de agua en lactantes sanos de cero a seis meses y factores efectivos: una revisión sistemática

Introduction: Early introduction of fluids and water affects the duration of breastfeeding, the infant immune system, and possibly causes infants to consume less breast milk, which may, in turn, affect their nutritional and immune status. Objective: This study was carried out to determine water consumption in 0-6-month-old infants and the factors affecting this consumption. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted in seven electronic databases (Medline, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and TÜBITAK) for studies published until April 25, 2022, using the keywords: drinking water, infant, and breastfeeding. Results: The systematic review included 13 studies. Five studies were crosssectional, three were descriptive and quasi-experimental, and the others were case-control and cohort studies. It was reported in the examined studies that 86.2% of the infants were around 6 weeks old, 44 % of the infants were 1 month old, 77% were 3 months old, 2.5% were 4 months old, and 2.5 to 85% of the infants were around 6 months old when they first consumed water. The prominent reasons for making the infants drink water are the thought that they need it and cultural reasons. Conclusions: The exclusive breastfeeding of 0-6-month-old infants is the recommendation of reliable health authorities. Nurses play a key role in implementing this practice. In this systematic review, it was seen that families gave their infants water at varying rates in the 0-6-month period, and the factors affecting this situation were revealed. If nurses determine which factors affect families in terms of the early introduction of fluids, they could be able to plan the necessary education and interventions.

Introducción. La introducción temprana de líquidos y agua afecta la duración de la lactancia, el sistema inmune del lactante y posiblemente hace que los lactantes consuman menos leche materna, lo que a su vez puede afectar su estado nutricional e inmunitario. Objetivo. Este estudio se realizó para determinar el consumo de agua en bebés de cero a seis meses y los factores que inciden en este consumo. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una revisión de la literatura en siete bases de dato electrónicas (Medline, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Cochrane Library y TÜBITAK) para estudios publicados hasta el 25 de abril de 2022, utilizando las palabras clave: agua potable, lactante y lactancia. Resultados. La revisión sistemática incluyó 13 estudios. Cinco fueron estudios transversales, tres fueron descriptivos, cuasiexperimentales y los restantes fueron estudios de casos y controles, y de cohortes. En los estudios examinados se informó que le dieron agua al 86,2 % de los lactantes de seis semanas, al 44 % de los lactantes de un mes, al 77 % de los lactantes de tres meses, al 2,5 % de los lactantes de cuatro meses y al 2,5 % a 85 % de los lactantes de seis meses. Las razones principales para dar agua a los bebés son la idea de que los bebés necesitan agua y razones culturales. Conclusiones. La lactancia materna exclusiva es la recomendación de las autoridades sanitarias para los bebés de cero a seis meses. Las enfermeras juegan un papel clave en la implementación de esta práctica. En esta revisión sistemática se observó que las familias daban agua a sus bebés en proporciones variables durante el período de cero a seis meses y se revelaron los factores que inciden en esta situación. Si las enfermeras determinan qué factores afectan a las familias en cuanto a la introducción temprana de líquidos, podrían planificar las medidas educativas y las intervenciones necesarias.

Spatial correlation between the prevalence of dental fluorosis and the chemical elemental composition of drinking water sources in a typical coal-fired pollution fluorosis area / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To investigate the spatial distribution characteristics and correlation between the prevalence of dental fluorosis and the chemical elemental composition of drinking water sources in coal-fired fluorosis areas. Methods: Based on the survey data on the prevalence of dental fluorosis at CDC in Guizhou Province in 2022, 274 original surface drinking water sources were collected in typical coal-fired fluorosis areas, and fluoride (F), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), cadmium (Cd), barium (Ba), lead (Pb) 17 elements; apply Moran's I index, Getis-Ord Gi* hotspot analysis of the global spatial autocorrelation of chemical elements in drinking water and the degree of aggregation of each element on the local area, and correlation analysis with the prevalence of dental fluorosis in the region. Results: Except for Cu, Zn, and Cd, global spatial autocorrelation Moran's I was negative, and all other elements were positive. F, Ca, Al, Ti, As, Mo, Cd, and Cu elements showed high values of aggregation in the southeastern low-altitude area; Mg, Ba, Pb, Cr, Mn, and Fe elements were mainly aggregated in the central altitude terrain transition area, Zn and Se elements in water sources are significantly positively correlated with the prevalence of dental fluorosis (P<0.05). In contrast, F, Mg, Al, Ti, As, Mo, Cd, Ba, and Pb elements negatively correlate (P<0.05). Elements in the central region were high-high aggregation, as a hot spot aggregation area with high disease incidence, while F, Al, Mn, Mo, Cd, and Ba elements in the western region were low-low aggregation, as a cold spot aggregation area with a low incidence of fluorosis. Conclusions: The risk of population fluoride exposure in surface drinking water sources is shallow. However, the chemical element content of drinking water sources in coal-fired polluted endemic fluorosis areas has prominent spatial geographical distribution characteristics. There is a significant spatial aggregation effect with the prevalence of dental fluorosis, which may play a synergistic or antagonistic effect on the occurrence and prevalence of dental fluorosis.

Interpretation of the limit values of iodide in the "Standards for Drinking Water Quality（GB5749-2022）" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

The Drinking Water Sanitation Standard (GB 5749-2022) has been officially promulgated and implemented, with the iodide listed as a new reference indicator for water quality. This study interprets the distribution of iodine in environmental media, the impact of water iodine on health, the significance of establishing iodide standard limits, and the use of iodide standard limits, in order to provide a scientific basis for the application of iodide standard limits in this revised standard.

Methodological study on the establishment of limit values in the Standards of Drinking Water Quality / 中华预防医学杂志

The establishment of limit values for standards of drinking water quality is an important and complex process. This study systematically introduced the methodology of the establishment of standard limit values for drinking water quality and elaborated on the workflow of setting limit values of water quality indicators, principles and methods of selecting water quality indicators, derivation of safety reference values, and establishment of limit values. It also aimed to provide reference and support for the future revision of relevant standards.

Research on the standard limits for vinyl chloride and trichloroethylene in the "Standards for Drinking Water Quality（GB5749-2022）" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

The usage of vinyl chloride and trichloroethylene in China has been increasing year by year, and they have been detected in both drinking water and environmental water, making them important environmental pollutants. Based on the latest research results on the health effects of vinyl chloride and trichloroethylene, the newly issued, "Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB5749-2022)" in China has adjusted the standard limit of vinyl chloride from 0.005 mg/L to 0.001 mg/L and the standard limit of trichloroethylene from 0.07 mg/L to 0.02 mg/L. This article analyzed and discussed the relevant technical contents for determining the above standard limits, including the levels and exposure conditions of vinyl chloride and trichloroethylene in the water environment, health effects, derivation of safety reference values, and determination of hygiene standard limits. Suggestions were also made for the implementation of this standard.

Research on the formulation and revision of standard limits for antimony,boron and vanadium in the "Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB5749-2022)" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

China is rich in antimony, boron, and vanadium mineral resources, which have been detected in environmental water bodies and drinking water. During the revision process of the "Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB5749-2006)", research and evaluation are focused on three indicators: antimony, boron and vanadium. Vanadium is added and the limit value of boron is adjusted. This study reviews and discusses the technical contents related to the revision of the antimony, boron and vanadium, including the environmental presence levels, exposure status, health effects, and the revision of the standard limits of these three indicators. Suggestions are also made for the implementation of this standard.

Research on the formulation and revision of radiological parameters in the "Standards for Drinking Water Quality（GB5749-2022）" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

The radioactive safety of drinking water has attracted increasing public concern. The newly issued Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB5749-2022) in China has revised the radiological parameters. This article provides an overview of the main sources, levels of radionuclides in drinking water, and summarized the individual doses criterion and adverse health effects associated with exposure of the public to radionuclides from drinking-water. It analyzes and discusses the relevant revision content of radiological parameters, including the guidance values for screening gross α and gross β, subtracting the contribution of potassium-40 from gross β activity when the gross β activity concentration exceeds the screening level, and the basis for establishing the limit values of reference indices uranium and radium-226. Specific implementation and evaluation suggestions are also proposed.

Research on the determination of the limit value of perchlorate in the "Standards for Drinking Water Quality（GB5749-2022）" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

Perchlorate is an environmental pollutant that has been a focus of attention in recent years. It has been detected in many environmental water bodies and drinking water in China, with a high level of presence in some areas of the Yangtze River Basin. The human body may ingest perchlorate through exposure pathways such as drinking water and food, and its main health effect is to affect the thyroid's absorption of iodine. The "Standards for Drinking Water Quality" (GB5749-2022) includes perchlorate as an expanded indicator of water quality, with a limit value of 0.07 mg/L. This article analyzes the technical content related to the determination of hygiene standard limits for perchlorate in drinking water, including the environmental presence level and exposure status of perchlorate, main health effects, derivation of safety reference values, and determination of hygiene standard limits.

Research on the establishment of standard limits for perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in the "Standards for Drinking Water Quality（GB5749-2022）"in China / 中华预防医学杂志

Perfluorinated compounds, especially Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), are widely detected in water environments in China. Considering the potential health risks of drinking water exposure routes, PFOA and PFOS have been added to the water quality reference index of the newly issued "Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB5749-2022)", with limit values of 40 and 80 ng/L, respectively. This study analyzed and discussed the relevant technical contents for determining the limits of the hygiene standard, including the environmental existence level and exposure status of PFOA and PFOS, health effects, derivation of safety reference values, and determination of hygiene standard limits. It also proposed prospects for the future direction of formulating drinking water standards.

Revision and prospect of the "Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB5749-2022)" in China / 中华预防医学杂志

The revision of the national standards for drinking water quality is an important, rigorous and delicate endeavor. The paper introduced the revision of this standard, emphasizing the revision principle, overall technical considerations, and revision contents. Recommendations were also proposed for the implementation of this standard.

Processo de construção do Programa Nacional de Acesso à Água Potável em Terras Indígenas (PNATI) / Construction process of the National Program for Access to Potable Water in Indigenous Lands (PNATI) / Proceso de construcción del Programa Nacional de Acceso a Agua Potable en Tierras Indígenas (PNATI)

Objetivo: compreender o processo de construção do Programa Nacional de Acesso à Água Potável em Terras Indígenas (PNATI), por meio de fatores socioepidemiológicos que impulsionaram sua institucionalização. Método: estudo descritivo e socioepidemiológico, baseado em dados secundários da Secretaria Especial de Saúde Indígena (SESAI), com recorte temporal pré-pandêmico e pandêmico. Aanálise dos dados seguiu os fundamentos da teoria do sistema político de David Easton. Resultados: o processo de construção do programa considerou o volume de notificações de doenças de veiculação hídrica, o baixo acesso à água potável e a dificuldade no controle da qualidade desta nas aldeias atendidas pela SESAI. Após a construção do PNATI, verificou-se a importância desse instrumento para planejamento, gerência e controle social na garantia do abastecimento de água potável nas terras indígenas e mudanças na realidade sanitária dos povos indígenas do Brasil.Conclusão: o PNATI preenche uma lacuna existente quanto ao amparo legal, com a oportunidade de reverter o panorama de insuficiências de saneamento ambiental, com vistas a universalizar o acesso à água, em quantidade e qualidade nas comunidades indígenas, e contribuir para a melhoria da saúde dessa população.

Objective:to understand the construction process of the National Program for Access to Potable Water in Indigenous Lands, through socio-epidemiological factors that drove its institutionalization. Method:descriptive and socioepidemiological study, based on secondary data from the Special Secretariat for Indigenous Health (SESAI), with a pre-pandemic and pandemic time frame. Data analysis followed the foundations of David Easton's political system theory. Results:the program's construction process considered the volume of notifications of waterborne diseases, the low access to potable water and the difficulty in controlling its quality in the villages served by SESAI. After the construction of the PNATI, the importance of this instrument for planning, management and social control in guaranteeing the supply of potable water in indigenous lands and changes in the health reality of the indigenous peoples of Brazil was verified. Conclusion:PNATI fills an existing gap in terms of legal support, with the opportunity to reverse the scenario of insufficient environmental sanitation, with a view to universalizing access to water, in quantity and quality in indigenous communities, and contributing to the improvement of the health of this population.

Objetivo:comprender el proceso de construcción del Programa Nacional de Acceso a Agua Potable en Tierras Indígenas, a través de los factores socioepidemiológicos que impulsaron su institucionalización. Método:estudio descriptivo y socioepidemiológico, con base en datos secundarios de la Secretaría Especial de Salud Indígena (SESAI), con marco temporal antes y durante la pandemia. El análisis de datos siguió los fundamentos de la teoría del sistema político de David Easton. Resultados:el proceso de construcción del programa consideró el volumen de notificaciones de enfermedades hídricas, el bajo acceso al agua potable y la dificultad para controlar su calidad en las localidades atendidas por SESAI. Luego de la construcción del PNATI, se constató la importancia de este instrumento de planificación, gestión y control social en la garantía del abastecimiento de agua potable en tierras indígenas y cambios en la realidad sanitaria de los pueblos indígenas de Brasil. Conclusión:el PNATI llena un vacío existente en materia de respaldo legal, con la oportunidad de revertir el escenario de insuficiente saneamiento ambiental, con miras a universalizar el acceso al agua, en cantidad y calidad en las comunidades indígenas, y contribuir al mejoramiento de la salud de estas población.

Endemic dental fluorosis in children from a brazilian slave-descendent community: a cross-sectional study / Fluorose dentária endêmica em crianças de uma comunidade quilombola brasileira: um estudo transversal

Although fluoride (F) is required for the normal growth and development of several human organs and tissues, excessive exposure to it may be potentially toxic. Groundwater may present ranging levels of F; however, the appearance, taste, and smell are not altered. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate dental fluorosis in children from a Brazilian slave-descendent community, as well as to assess F levels in the drinking water supplies available in that area. For that, 21 children aged from 6 to 14 years living in Rincão dos Martimianos were invited to participate. Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (a 0­9 scale) was used to assess dental fluorosis on permanent teeth. Furthermore, the F concentration of two water samples (from the artesian well and a tank) was determined by using a potentiometric method. All children presented dental fluorosis to some degree, ranging from score 2 to 9. About 81% of them had dental fluorosis scores equal to or over 5. Scores lower than 5 were observed only in children younger than 8 years; on the other hand, all children older than 8 years presented scores higher than 5. Moreover, artesian well water had an F concentration of 5 mg/L and tank water 0.8 mg/L. It is suggested that the F-rich groundwater supply was most probably responsible for dental fluorosis in that area. Brazilian slave-descendent communities, therefore, should receive constant attention from their local authorities in order to guarantee a proper water supply for consumption, as well as to provide public health education(AU)

Embora o flúor (F) seja necessário para o crescimento e desenvolvimento normal de vários órgãos e tecidos humanos, a exposição excessiva pode ser potencialmente tóxica. As águas subterrâneas podem apresentar níveis variados de F; no entanto, a aparência, o sabor e o cheiro não são alterados. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a fluorose dentária em crianças de uma comunidade brasileira descendente de escravos, bem como avaliar os níveis de F na água potável disponível nessa área. Para isso, 21 crianças de 6 a 14 anos residentes no Rincão dos Martimianos foram convidadas a participar da pesquisa. O índice de Thylstrup e Fejerskov (uma escala de 0 a 9) foi usado para avaliar a fluorose dentária em dentes permanentes. Além disso, a concentração de F de duas amostras de água (do poço artesiano e de um tanque) foi determinada pelo método potenciométrico. Todas as crianças apresentaram algum grau de fluorose dentária, variando de 2 a 9. Cerca de 81% delas apresentaram escores de fluorose dentária iguais ou superiores a 5. Escores inferiores a 5 foram observados apenas em crianças menores de 8 anos; por outro lado, todas as crianças maiores de 8 anos apresentaram escores superiores a 5. Além disso, a água do poço artesiano tinha concentração de F de 5 mg/L e a água do tanque 0,8 mg/L. Desta forma, acredita-se que a fonte de água subterrânea rica em F foi provavelmente responsável pela fluorose dentária na região avaliada. As comunidades quilombolas brasileiras, portanto, devem receber atenção constante de suas autoridades locais, a fim de garantir o abastecimento adequado de água para consumo, bem como proporcionar educação em saúde pública(AU)

Fluoruros en agua de consumo al norte y occidente de México / Fluorides in water for consumption in northern and western Mexico

La cantidad de fluoruros en el agua en algunas regiones de México representa un problema de salud pública. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de estudios originales que reportaran niveles de fluoruros en agua corriente y embotellada de la región norte y occidente de México. Esta revisión sistemática se elaboró utilizando el sistema PRISMA en las bases de datos de PubMed, Scopus, Medigraphic y Scielo. Se implementaron las palabras clave de fluoride OR fluorosis AND water AND Mexico, y se incluyeron y excluyeron registros de acuerdo con los criterios previamente establecidos. Fueron revisados aquellos artículos publicados entre el 1 de enero del 2010 y el 30 de marzo del 2021. Se identificaron 36 registros en total. La mayoría mostraban datos encontrados en la región occidente del país (n = 23) mientras que los restantes fueron realizados al norte. Ambas regiones se mostraron con rangos máximos y medias muestrales por encima de lo sugerido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y los organismos reguladores nacionales. De acuerdo con los estudios aquí analizados en México, las regiones Norte y Occidente del país muestran una situación preocupante por los elevados niveles de fluoruros que reportan los autores en agua corriente y embotellada, los niveles se encuentran casi en su totalidad por encima de los recomendados a nivel nacional e internacional lo cual significa un problema de salud pública que requiere de atención.

The amount of fluoride in water in some regions of Mexico represents a public health problem. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of original studies that report fluoride levels in tap and bottled water from the northern and western regions of Mexico. A systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA method in PubMed, Scopus, Medigraphic and Scielo databases. The keywords fluoride OR fluorosis AND water AND Mexico were used for the search and the records found were included and excluded according to the previous established criteria. We reviewed data in articles published between January 1st, 2010 and March 30th, 2021. We identified a total of 36 records. Most showed data found in the western region (n = 23), while the rest reported data found in the north. Both regions reported maximum and mean sample ranges above those suggested by the World Health Organization and national regulations. According to the analyzed data, in Mexico, the northern and western regions of the country show a concerning situation due to the high levels of fluoride reported by many authors in tap and bottled water. Almost all authors reported data above those recommended for national and international regulations, which represent an important public health problem that requires attention.

Survival capacity of Arcobacter butzleri at different incubation temperatures in drinking water

Arcobacter represents a zoonotic emerging pathogen with increasing importance for public health and drinking water has been cited as a major risk factor for its dissemination. The aim of this work was to evaluate the survival capacity of Arcobacter in different water matrixes stored at different temperatures. Three different water matrixes were used, including potable water with a chlorine concentration of 0,5 mg/mL, non-chlorinated water and non-chlorinated water added with an 11% of organic matter. Each matrix was inoculated in a 1/10 proportion with 103 and 105 Arcobacter pools, divided into 4 different subsamples, in order to be incubated at 0°C, 5°C, 12 °C and 25°C by up to 15 days. The presence of Arcobacter in each matrix was determined on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15. Results obtained show that this bacterium can survive in all the water matrixes evaluated, regardless of the presence or not of residual disinfecting agent. Also, the amount of CFU/mL inoculated in water correlates with the number of bacteria that can survive on it, and that incubation temperature has a significant effect over the bacterial survival.

Sistema de Informação de Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (Sisagua): avaliação da completitude dos dados sobre cobertura de abastecimento, 2014-2020 / Sistema de Información de Vigilancia de la Calidad del Agua para Consumo Humano (Sisagua): evaluación de la finalización de los datos de cobertura del abastecimiento de agua, Brasil, 2014-2020 / Drinking Water Quality Surveillance Information System (SISAGUA): evaluation of data completeness on water supply coverage, Brazil, 2014-2020

Objetivo: Avaliar a completitude do conjunto de dados do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (Sisagua) referente às informações sobre a cobertura de abastecimento de água para consumo humano no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, sobre dados de 2014 a 2020. Foi calculada distribuição de frequência relativa de 35 variáveis. A completitude foi mensurada como excelente (≥ 95%), boa (90% a 94%), regular (70% a 89%), ruim (50% a 69%) e muito ruim (≤ 49%). Resultados: No período, foram identificados 861.250 registros de formas de abastecimento. O Sisagua, quanto à completitude dos dados, obteve uma classificação excelente para 25 variáveis, boa para duas, regular para três, ruim para uma e muito ruim para quatro. Conclusão: O sistema apresentou, em grande parte das variáveis, excelente completitude dos dados. Estudos dessa natureza contribuem para o aperfeiçoamento contínuo do Sisagua e possibilitam a identificação de inconsistências e fragilidades.

Objetivo: Evaluar la completitud del conjunto de datos del Sistema de Información para la Vigilancia de la Calidad del Agua para Consumo Humano (Sisagua), con relación a la información sobre la cobertura de abastecimiento de agua para consumo humano en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo referido a datos de 2014 a 2020. Se calcularon distribuciones de frecuencias relativas de 35 variables. La completitud se midió como excelente (≥ 95%), buena (90% a 94%), regular (70% a 89%), mala (50% a 69%) y muy mala (≤ 49%). Resultados: En el período, hubo 861.250 registros de formas de suministro. Sisagua, en cuanto a la completitud de los datos, obtuvo una clasificación excelente para 25 variables, buena para dos, regular para tres, mala para una y muy mala para cuatro variables. Conclusión: El sistema presentó en la mayoría de las variables una excelente completitud de los datos. Estudios de esta naturaleza contribuyen a la mejoría continua de Sisagua y permiten identificar inconsistencias y debilidades.

Objective: To evaluate the completeness of dataset of the Drinking Water Quality Surveillance Information System (SISAGUA) regarding information on the coverage of water supply for human consumption in Brazil. Methods: This was a descriptive study on data between 2014 and 2020. A relative frequency distribution of 35 variables was calculated. Completeness was categorized as excellent (≥ 95%), good (90% to 94%), regular (70% to 89%), poor (50% to 69%) and very poor (≤ 49%). Results: In the period, there were 861,250 records of forms of water supply. With regard to data completeness, SISAGUA obtained an excellent classification for 25 variables, good for two, regular for three, poor for one and very poor for four variables. Conclusion: The system showed excellent data completeness for most of the variables. This type of study contributes to the continuous improvement of SISAGUA and enables the identification of inconsistencies and weaknesses.

La concentración de fluoruro en agua potable y la fluorosis dental en niños / Fluoride concentration in drinking water in relation to dental fluorosis in children

Dental treatment is a highly sought-after but costly procedure in the world, so it is important to consider measures to prevent dental disease. Among the ways of prevention, drinking water fluoridation, which involves adding relevant amounts of fluoride to the water supply reaching communities, stands out. However, it is not clear whether there are enough researchers who have addressed the issue, or that their methodology has been adequate to provide alternatives to solve some conditions, such as dental fluorosis, which, in contrast, is manifested by excessive fluoride intake. The main objective was to explore and analyse the academic production on the concentration of fluoride present in drinking water in order to find a relationship with dental fluorosis in children. To this end, the PRISMA model was used as a starting point in order to carry out a systematic review of academic articles chosen according to selection criteria. These will be extracted from five databases, using a documentary-type methodology, whose data collection will be carried out in virtual environments. From this, it was concluded that the academic production includes the concentration of fluoride in drinking water as a means of prevention for dental pathologies; however, the levels of fluoride allowed in children should be known, as the excess of fluoride in the teeth causes dental fluorosis, which turns out to be the cause of psychological complexes in children due to an aesthetic issue.

El tratamiento dental es un procedimiento muy solicitado en el mundo, pero costoso de realizar; por lo que, es importante considerar medidas para prevenir enfermedades dentarias. Entre las formas de prevención, destaca la fluoración del agua potable, que implica añadir cantidades pertinentes de flúor al suministro de agua que llega a las comunidades. Sin embargo, no se precisa si existen suficientes investigadores que hayan abordado el tema, o que su metodología empleada haya sido la adecuada como para brindar alternativas para solucionar algunas afecciones, tales como la fluorosis dental que; en contraste, se manifiesta por la excesiva ingesta de flúor. El objetivo principal, realizar una exploración y análisis de la producción académica sobre la concentración de flúor presente en el agua potable con el fin de encontrar una relación con la fluorosis dental en niños. Para ello, se partió del modelo PRISMA con el fin de proceder una revisión sistemática de artículos académicos escogidos mediante criterios de selección. Estos serán extraídos de cinco bases de datos, valiéndose entonces, de una metodología de tipo documental, cuya recolección de datos se efectuará en entornos virtuales. A partir de ello, se concluyó que la producción académica incluye a la concentración del flúor en agua potable como un modo de prevención para patologías dentales; no obstante, se debe conocer los niveles de flúor permitido en los niños, pues el exceso de flúor en los dientes origina fluorosis dental, la cual resulta ser causante de complejos psicológicos en los niños debido a un tema estético.

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre salud ambiental en estudiantes universitarios / Knowledge, attitudes, and practices on environmental health in university students

La crisis ambiental es la primera crisis global generada por el desconocimiento, es por ello, que la educación respecto a la salud ambiental es el punto de partida para reemplatear la actitud de las relaciones del ser humano con su entorno. Por tal razón, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar el nivel de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre salud ambiental en estudiantes ecuatorianos de la sede Huancayo de la Universidad Peruana Los Andes. La investigación fue descriptiva-transversal cuya muestra estuvo conformada por 147 estudiantes ecuatorianos matriculados en el segundo semestre 2021 de medicina y enfermería. Como instrumento se aplicó la encuesta CAP relacionadas con sostenibilidad de tres modulos y 18 ítems. Para el análisis de los datos, se calcularon proporciones y medidas de resumen, correlaciones de Spearman, prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov con corrección de Lilliefors. Como resultado se encontró que el nivel de conocimiento fue "Excelente" respecto conocimiento del significado de salud ambiental (x: 3,62), "Deficiente" en participación en acción de mejoramiento ambiental en la comunidad (x: 2,35) y "Malo" en participación de programas de educación ambiental (x: 1,27), así mismo, la clasificación porcentual y puntajes de las dimensiones pesquisadas fue "Deficiente" en el nivel de conocimiento (x: 52,01), "Deficiente" en actitudes (x: 53,23) y "Malo" en prácticas (x: 34,08). Es necesario implementar estrategias de abordaje integral en la formación de profesionales enfocados en el conocimiento de temas ambientales y el desarrollo de una conducta ambiental que repercutan en el mejoramiento de la salud publica(AU)

The environmental crisis is the first global crisis generated by ignorance, which is why education regarding environmental health is the starting point to replace the attitude of human relations with their environment. For this reason, this research aimed to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices on environmental health in Ecuadorian students from the Huancayo campus of the Universidad Peruana Los Andes. The research was descriptive-cross-sectional, whose sample consisted of 147 Ecuadorian students enrolled in the second semester of 2021 in medicine and nursing. As an instrument, the CAP survey related to sustainability of three modules and 18 items was applied. For data analysis, proportions and summary measures, Spearman correlations, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with Lilliefors correction were calculated. As a result, it was found that the level of knowledge was "Excellent" regarding knowledge of the meaning of environmental health (x: 3.62), "Poor" in participation in environmental improvement action in the community (x: 2.35) and " Bad" in participation in environmental education programs (x: 1.27), likewise, the percentage classification and scores of the dimensions investigated was "Poor" in the level of knowledge (x: 52.01), "Poor" in attitudes (x: 53.23) and "Bad" in practices (x: 34.08). It is necessary to implement comprehensive approach strategies in the training of professionals focused on the knowledge of environmental issues and the development of an environmental behavior that has repercussions on the improvement of public health(AU)

Efecto de las membranas con Cu(II) sobre el proceso de filtración y capacidad de biocida contra Escherichia coli / Effect of Cu(II) membranes on the filtration process and biocide capacity against Escherichia coli

Esta investigación estudió la preparación de membranas compuestas de celulosa y quitosano entrecruzadas con Cu(II) para determinar su efecto biocida y eficiencia en la remoción deEscherichia coli. Las membranas de quitosano se obtuvieron por medio de la técnica de evaporación del solvente. Propiedades de absorción de agua, degradación térmica y mecánicas de las membranas fueron evaluadas con el propósito de modificar la estructura química, la superficie y estudiar su impacto como agente biocida. Los resultados muestran que el Cu(II) interactúa con los grupos iónicos de las membranas que inducen un cambio estructural produciendo un aumento de 190% en el módulo G*. Además, el catión provee estabilidad térmica a temperaturas menores de 200 ºC y produce cambios superficiales a la membrana, especialmente a la membrana de celulosa. Adicionalmente, la membrana de celulosa-Cu(II) aumentó su efecto biocida contraE. colihasta un 96%. El proceso de remoción por medio de la filtración aumentó 41% con la incorporación del catión. Esta investigación muestra el efecto de la interacción del catión con grupos iónicos en la membrana que mejoran las propiedades de filtración y efecto biocida contra esta enterobacteria que puede llegar a ser patógena para el ser humano.

This research studied the membrane preparation of Cu(II) crosslinked membranes composed of cellulose and chitosan to determine its biocidal effect and efficiency to remove Escherichia coli. Water absorption, thermal degradation, and G* modulus evaluated the Cu(II) impact on the equilibrium, thermal and mechanical properties. These results showed that Cu(II) incorporation interacts with the ionic groups, inducing a structural change increasing the G* modulus by 190%. Moreover, the cation provides thermal stability at temperatures below 200 ºC and produced surface changes to the membrane, especially to the cellulose mekkmbrane. Additionally, the cellulose-Cu(II) membranes increased 96% their biocidal effect against E. coli. Enterobacter filtration process increased 41% with the cation incorporation into the cellulose membrane. Therefore, this research showed the cation effect on the ionic groups in the membrane that improve the filtration properties and biocidal effect against harmful enterobacteria to humans.